主体 - 更新¶
使用 PUT 进行替换更新¶
要更新一个项目，你可以使用 HTTP PUT 操作。
你可以使用 jsonable_encoder 将输入数据转换为可以存储为 JSON 的数据（例如，使用 NoSQL 数据库）。例如，将 datetime 转换为 str。
from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str | None = None
description: str | None = None
price: float | None = None
tax: float = 10.5
tags: list[str] = []
items = {
"foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
"bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
"baz": {"name": "Baz", "description": None, "price": 50.2, "tax": 10.5, "tags": []},
}
@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def read_item(item_id: str):
return items[item_id]
@app.put("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
update_item_encoded = jsonable_encoder(item)
items[item_id] = update_item_encoded
return update_item_encoded
from typing import Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: Union[str, None] = None
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: Union[float, None] = None
tax: float = 10.5
tags: list[str] = []
items = {
"foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
"bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
"baz": {"name": "Baz", "description": None, "price": 50.2, "tax": 10.5, "tags": []},
}
@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def read_item(item_id: str):
return items[item_id]
@app.put("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
update_item_encoded = jsonable_encoder(item)
items[item_id] = update_item_encoded
return update_item_encoded
from typing import List, Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: Union[str, None] = None
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: Union[float, None] = None
tax: float = 10.5
tags: List[str] = []
items = {
"foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
"bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
"baz": {"name": "Baz", "description": None, "price": 50.2, "tax": 10.5, "tags": []},
}
@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def read_item(item_id: str):
return items[item_id]
@app.put("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
update_item_encoded = jsonable_encoder(item)
items[item_id] = update_item_encoded
return update_item_encoded
PUT 用于接收应该替换现有数据的数据。
关于替换的警告¶
这意味着如果你想使用包含以下内容的 PUT 更新项目 bar：
{
"name": "Barz",
"price": 3,
"description": None,
}
因为它不包含已存储的属性 "tax": 20.2，输入模型将采用 "tax": 10.5 的默认值。
并且数据将以 10.5 的“新”tax 保存。
使用 PATCH 进行部分更新¶
你还可以使用 HTTP PATCH 操作来*部分*更新数据。
这意味着你可以只发送你想要更新的数据，其余部分保持不变。
Note
PATCH 的使用和知名度不如 PUT。
许多团队只使用 PUT，即使是部分更新。
你可以**自由**地以任何你想要的方式使用它们，FastAPI 没有任何限制。
但本指南或多或少地展示了它们应该如何使用。
使用 Pydantic 的 exclude_unset 参数¶
如果你想接收部分更新，使用 Pydantic 模型中的 .model_dump() 的 exclude_unset 参数非常有用。
比如 item.model_dump(exclude_unset=True)。
Info
在 Pydantic v1 中，该方法被称为 .dict()，在 Pydantic v2 中被弃用（但仍支持），并重命名为 .model_dump()。
这里的示例使用 .dict() 以兼容 Pydantic v1，但如果你可以使用 Pydantic v2，则应使用 .model_dump()。
这将生成一个 dict，其中仅包含创建 item 模型时设置的数据，排除默认值。
然后你可以使用它来生成一个仅包含已设置数据（在请求中发送）的 dict，省略默认值：
from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str | None = None
description: str | None = None
price: float | None = None
tax: float = 10.5
tags: list[str] = []
items = {
"foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
"bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
"baz": {"name": "Baz", "description": None, "price": 50.2, "tax": 10.5, "tags": []},
}
@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def read_item(item_id: str):
return items[item_id]
@app.patch("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
stored_item_data = items[item_id]
stored_item_model = Item(**stored_item_data)
update_data = item.dict(exclude_unset=True)
updated_item = stored_item_model.copy(update=update_data)
items[item_id] = jsonable_encoder(updated_item)
return updated_item
from typing import Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: Union[str, None] = None
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: Union[float, None] = None
tax: float = 10.5
tags: list[str] = []
items = {
"foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
"bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
"baz": {"name": "Baz", "description": None, "price": 50.2, "tax": 10.5, "tags": []},
}
@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def read_item(item_id: str):
return items[item_id]
@app.patch("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
stored_item_data = items[item_id]
stored_item_model = Item(**stored_item_data)
update_data = item.dict(exclude_unset=True)
updated_item = stored_item_model.copy(update=update_data)
items[item_id] = jsonable_encoder(updated_item)
return updated_item
from typing import List, Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: Union[str, None] = None
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: Union[float, None] = None
tax: float = 10.5
tags: List[str] = []
items = {
"foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
"bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
"baz": {"name": "Baz", "description": None, "price": 50.2, "tax": 10.5, "tags": []},
}
@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def read_item(item_id: str):
return items[item_id]
@app.patch("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
stored_item_data = items[item_id]
stored_item_model = Item(**stored_item_data)
update_data = item.dict(exclude_unset=True)
updated_item = stored_item_model.copy(update=update_data)
items[item_id] = jsonable_encoder(updated_item)
return updated_item
使用 Pydantic 的 update 参数¶
现在，你可以使用 .model_copy() 创建现有模型的副本，并传递包含要更新的数据的 update 参数。
Info
在 Pydantic v1 中，该方法被称为 .copy()，在 Pydantic v2 中被弃用（但仍支持），并重命名为 .model_copy()。
这里的示例使用 .copy() 以兼容 Pydantic v1，但如果你可以使用 Pydantic v2，则应使用 .model_copy()。
比如 stored_item_model.model_copy(update=update_data)：
from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str | None = None
description: str | None = None
price: float | None = None
tax: float = 10.5
tags: list[str] = []
items = {
"foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
"bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
"baz": {"name": "Baz", "description": None, "price": 50.2, "tax": 10.5, "tags": []},
}
@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def read_item(item_id: str):
return items[item_id]
@app.patch("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
stored_item_data = items[item_id]
stored_item_model = Item(**stored_item_data)
update_data = item.dict(exclude_unset=True)
updated_item = stored_item_model.copy(update=update_data)
items[item_id] = jsonable_encoder(updated_item)
return updated_item
from typing import Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: Union[str, None] = None
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: Union[float, None] = None
tax: float = 10.5
tags: list[str] = []
items = {
"foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
"bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
"baz": {"name": "Baz", "description": None, "price": 50.2, "tax": 10.5, "tags": []},
}
@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def read_item(item_id: str):
return items[item_id]
@app.patch("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
stored_item_data = items[item_id]
stored_item_model = Item(**stored_item_data)
update_data = item.dict(exclude_unset=True)
updated_item = stored_item_model.copy(update=update_data)
items[item_id] = jsonable_encoder(updated_item)
return updated_item
from typing import List, Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: Union[str, None] = None
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: Union[float, None] = None
tax: float = 10.5
tags: List[str] = []
items = {
"foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
"bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
"baz": {"name": "Baz", "description": None, "price": 50.2, "tax": 10.5, "tags": []},
}
@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def read_item(item_id: str):
return items[item_id]
@app.patch("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
stored_item_data = items[item_id]
stored_item_model = Item(**stored_item_data)
update_data = item.dict(exclude_unset=True)
updated_item = stored_item_model.copy(update=update_data)
items[item_id] = jsonable_encoder(updated_item)
return updated_item
部分更新总结¶
总之，要应用部分更新，你将：
- （可选）使用
PATCH而不是PUT。 - 检索存储的数据。
- 将该数据放入 Pydantic 模型中。
- 从输入模型生成一个不包含默认值的
dict（使用exclude_unset）。- 这样你就可以只更新用户实际设置的值，而不是用模型中的默认值覆盖已存储的值。
- 创建存储模型的副本，使用接收到的部分更新更新其属性（使用
update参数）。 - 将复制的模型转换为可以存储在数据库中的数据（例如，使用
jsonable_encoder）。- 这类似于再次使用模型的
.model_dump()方法，但它确保（并转换）值为可以转换为 JSON 的数据类型，例如，将datetime转换为str。
- 这类似于再次使用模型的
- 将数据保存到数据库中。
- 返回更新后的模型。
from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str | None = None
description: str | None = None
price: float | None = None
tax: float = 10.5
tags: list[str] = []
items = {
"foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
"bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
"baz": {"name": "Baz", "description": None, "price": 50.2, "tax": 10.5, "tags": []},
}
@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def read_item(item_id: str):
return items[item_id]
@app.patch("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
stored_item_data = items[item_id]
stored_item_model = Item(**stored_item_data)
update_data = item.dict(exclude_unset=True)
updated_item = stored_item_model.copy(update=update_data)
items[item_id] = jsonable_encoder(updated_item)
return updated_item
from typing import Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: Union[str, None] = None
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: Union[float, None] = None
tax: float = 10.5
tags: list[str] = []
items = {
"foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
"bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
"baz": {"name": "Baz", "description": None, "price": 50.2, "tax": 10.5, "tags": []},
}
@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def read_item(item_id: str):
return items[item_id]
@app.patch("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
stored_item_data = items[item_id]
stored_item_model = Item(**stored_item_data)
update_data = item.dict(exclude_unset=True)
updated_item = stored_item_model.copy(update=update_data)
items[item_id] = jsonable_encoder(updated_item)
return updated_item
//// 标签 | Python 3.8+
from typing import List, Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: Union[str, None] = None
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: Union[float, None] = None
tax: float = 10.5
tags: List[str] = []
items = {
"foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
"bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
"baz": {"name": "Baz", "description": None, "price": 50.2, "tax": 10.5, "tags": []},
}
@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def read_item(item_id: str):
return items[item_id]
@app.patch("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
stored_item_data = items[item_id]
stored_item_model = Item(**stored_item_data)
update_data = item.dict(exclude_unset=True)
updated_item = stored_item_model.copy(update=update_data)
items[item_id] = jsonable_encoder(updated_item)
return updated_item
////
/// 提示
实际上，你可以使用相同的技术与HTTP PUT操作。
但这里的示例使用PATCH，因为它是为了这些用例而创建的。
///
/// 注意
请注意，输入模型仍然会进行验证。
因此，如果你想接收可以省略所有属性的部分更新，你需要一个所有属性都被标记为可选（带有默认值或None）的模型。
为了区分用于**更新**的具有所有可选值的模型和用于**创建**的具有必需值的模型，你可以使用额外模型中描述的想法。
///