.. DO NOT EDIT. .. THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY SPHINX-GALLERY. .. TO MAKE CHANGES, EDIT THE SOURCE PYTHON FILE: .. "auto_examples/edges/plot_line_hough_transform.py" .. LINE NUMBERS ARE GIVEN BELOW. .. only:: html .. note:: :class: sphx-glr-download-link-note :ref:`Go to the end ` to download the full example code. or to run this example in your browser via Binder .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title .. _sphx_glr_auto_examples_edges_plot_line_hough_transform.py: ============================= Straight line Hough transform ============================= The Hough transform in its simplest form is a method to detect straight lines [1]_. In the following example, we construct an image with a line intersection. We then use the `Hough transform `__. to explore a parameter space for straight lines that may run through the image. Algorithm overview ------------------ Usually, lines are parameterised as :math:`y = mx + c`, with a gradient :math:`m` and y-intercept `c`. However, this would mean that :math:`m` goes to infinity for vertical lines. Instead, we therefore construct a segment perpendicular to the line, leading to the origin. The line is represented by the length of that segment, :math:`r`, and the angle it makes with the x-axis, :math:`\theta`. The Hough transform constructs a histogram array representing the parameter space (i.e., an :math:`M \times N` matrix, for :math:`M` different values of the radius and :math:`N` different values of :math:`\theta`). For each parameter combination, :math:`r` and :math:`\theta`, we then find the number of non-zero pixels in the input image that would fall close to the corresponding line, and increment the array at position :math:`(r, \theta)` appropriately. We can think of each non-zero pixel "voting" for potential line candidates. The local maxima in the resulting histogram indicates the parameters of the most probable lines. In our example, the maxima occur at 45 and 135 degrees, corresponding to the normal vector angles of each line. Another approach is the Progressive Probabilistic Hough Transform [2]_. It is based on the assumption that using a random subset of voting points give a good approximation to the actual result, and that lines can be extracted during the voting process by walking along connected components. This returns the beginning and end of each line segment, which is useful. The function `probabilistic_hough` has three parameters: a general threshold that is applied to the Hough accumulator, a minimum line length and the line gap that influences line merging. In the example below, we find lines longer than 10 with a gap less than 3 pixels. References ---------- .. [1] Duda, R. O. and P. E. Hart, "Use of the Hough Transformation to Detect Lines and Curves in Pictures," Comm. ACM, Vol. 15, pp. 11-15 (January, 1972) .. [2] C. Galamhos, J. Matas and J. Kittler,"Progressive probabilistic Hough transform for line detection", in IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1999. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 61-63 Line Hough Transform ==================== .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 63-122 .. code-block:: Python import numpy as np from skimage.transform import hough_line, hough_line_peaks from skimage.feature import canny from skimage.draw import line as draw_line from skimage import data import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from matplotlib import cm # Constructing test image image = np.zeros((200, 200)) idx = np.arange(25, 175) image[idx, idx] = 255 image[draw_line(45, 25, 25, 175)] = 255 image[draw_line(25, 135, 175, 155)] = 255 # Classic straight-line Hough transform # Set a precision of 0.5 degree. tested_angles = np.linspace(-np.pi / 2, np.pi / 2, 360, endpoint=False) h, theta, d = hough_line(image, theta=tested_angles) # Generating figure 1 fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(15, 6)) ax = axes.ravel() ax[0].imshow(image, cmap=cm.gray) ax[0].set_title('Input image') ax[0].set_axis_off() angle_step = 0.5 * np.diff(theta).mean() d_step = 0.5 * np.diff(d).mean() bounds = [ np.rad2deg(theta[0] - angle_step), np.rad2deg(theta[-1] + angle_step), d[-1] + d_step, d[0] - d_step, ] ax[1].imshow(np.log(1 + h), extent=bounds, cmap=cm.gray, aspect=1 / 1.5) ax[1].set_title('Hough transform') ax[1].set_xlabel('Angles (degrees)') ax[1].set_ylabel('Distance (pixels)') ax[1].axis('image') ax[2].imshow(image, cmap=cm.gray) ax[2].set_ylim((image.shape[0], 0)) ax[2].set_axis_off() ax[2].set_title('Detected lines') for _, angle, dist in zip(*hough_line_peaks(h, theta, d)): (x0, y0) = dist * np.array([np.cos(angle), np.sin(angle)]) ax[2].axline((x0, y0), slope=np.tan(angle + np.pi / 2)) plt.tight_layout() plt.show() .. image-sg:: /auto_examples/edges/images/sphx_glr_plot_line_hough_transform_001.png :alt: Input image, Hough transform, Detected lines :srcset: /auto_examples/edges/images/sphx_glr_plot_line_hough_transform_001.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 123-125 Probabilistic Hough Transform ============================= .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 125-156 .. code-block:: Python from skimage.transform import probabilistic_hough_line # Line finding using the Probabilistic Hough Transform image = data.camera() edges = canny(image, 2, 1, 25) lines = probabilistic_hough_line(edges, threshold=10, line_length=5, line_gap=3) # Generating figure 2 fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(15, 5), sharex=True, sharey=True) ax = axes.ravel() ax[0].imshow(image, cmap=cm.gray) ax[0].set_title('Input image') ax[1].imshow(edges, cmap=cm.gray) ax[1].set_title('Canny edges') ax[2].imshow(edges * 0) for line in lines: p0, p1 = line ax[2].plot((p0[0], p1[0]), (p0[1], p1[1])) ax[2].set_xlim((0, image.shape[1])) ax[2].set_ylim((image.shape[0], 0)) ax[2].set_title('Probabilistic Hough') for a in ax: a.set_axis_off() plt.tight_layout() plt.show() .. image-sg:: /auto_examples/edges/images/sphx_glr_plot_line_hough_transform_002.png :alt: Input image, Canny edges, Probabilistic Hough :srcset: /auto_examples/edges/images/sphx_glr_plot_line_hough_transform_002.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-timing **Total running time of the script:** (0 minutes 0.970 seconds) .. _sphx_glr_download_auto_examples_edges_plot_line_hough_transform.py: .. only:: html .. container:: sphx-glr-footer sphx-glr-footer-example .. container:: binder-badge .. image:: images/binder_badge_logo.svg :target: https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/scikit-image/scikit-image/v0.24.0?filepath=notebooks/auto_examples/edges/plot_line_hough_transform.ipynb :alt: Launch binder :width: 150 px .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-jupyter :download:`Download Jupyter notebook: plot_line_hough_transform.ipynb ` .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-python :download:`Download Python source code: plot_line_hough_transform.py ` .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-zip :download:`Download zipped: plot_line_hough_transform.zip ` .. only:: html .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature `Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery `_