7.1. 玩具数据集#

scikit-learn 自带了一些小型标准数据集，这些数据集不需要从外部网站下载任何文件。

它们可以使用以下函数加载：

`load_iris`(*[, return_X_y, as_frame])	加载并返回鸢尾花数据集（分类）。
`load_diabetes`(*[, return_X_y, as_frame, scaled])	加载并返回糖尿病数据集（回归）。
`load_digits`(*[, n_class, return_X_y, as_frame])	加载并返回数字数据集（分类）。
`load_linnerud`(*[, return_X_y, as_frame])	加载并返回物理锻炼Linnerud数据集。
`load_wine`(*[, return_X_y, as_frame])	加载并返回葡萄酒数据集（分类）。
`load_breast_cancer`(*[, return_X_y, as_frame])	加载并返回乳腺癌威斯康星数据集（分类）。

这些数据集对于快速说明 scikit-learn 中实现的多种算法的性能非常有用。然而，它们通常太小，无法代表现实世界中的机器学习任务。

7.1.1. Iris plants dataset#

Data Set Characteristics:

Number of Instances:

150 (50 in each of three classes)

Number of Attributes:

4 numeric, predictive attributes and the class

Attribute Information:

sepal length in cm
sepal width in cm
petal length in cm
petal width in cm
class:
- Iris-Setosa
- Iris-Versicolour
- Iris-Virginica

Summary Statistics:


sepal length:	4.3	7.9	5.84	0.83	0.7826
sepal width:	2.0	4.4	3.05	0.43	-0.4194
petal length:	1.0	6.9	3.76	1.76	0.9490 (high!)
petal width:	0.1	2.5	1.20	0.76	0.9565 (high!)

Missing Attribute Values:: None
Class Distribution:: 33.3% for each of 3 classes.
Creator:: R.A. Fisher
Donor:: Michael Marshall (MARSHALL%PLU@io.arc.nasa.gov)
Date:: July, 1988

The famous Iris database, first used by Sir R.A. Fisher. The dataset is taken from Fisher’s paper. Note that it’s the same as in R, but not as in the UCI Machine Learning Repository, which has two wrong data points.

This is perhaps the best known database to be found in the pattern recognition literature. Fisher’s paper is a classic in the field and is referenced frequently to this day. (See Duda & Hart, for example.) The data set contains 3 classes of 50 instances each, where each class refers to a type of iris plant. One class is linearly separable from the other 2; the latter are NOT linearly separable from each other.

7.1.2. Diabetes dataset#

Ten baseline variables, age, sex, body mass index, average blood pressure, and six blood serum measurements were obtained for each of n = 442 diabetes patients, as well as the response of interest, a quantitative measure of disease progression one year after baseline.

Data Set Characteristics:

Number of Instances:

442

Number of Attributes:

First 10 columns are numeric predictive values

Target:

Column 11 is a quantitative measure of disease progression one year after baseline

Attribute Information:

age age in years
sex
bmi body mass index
bp average blood pressure
s1 tc, total serum cholesterol
s2 ldl, low-density lipoproteins
s3 hdl, high-density lipoproteins
s4 tch, total cholesterol / HDL
s5 ltg, possibly log of serum triglycerides level
s6 glu, blood sugar level

Note: Each of these 10 feature variables have been mean centered and scaled by the standard deviation times the square root of n_samples (i.e. the sum of squares of each column totals 1).

Source URL: https://www4.stat.ncsu.edu/~boos/var.select/diabetes.html

For more information see: Bradley Efron, Trevor Hastie, Iain Johnstone and Robert Tibshirani (2004) “Least Angle Regression,” Annals of Statistics (with discussion), 407-499. (https://web.stanford.edu/~hastie/Papers/LARS/LeastAngle_2002.pdf)

7.1.3. Optical recognition of handwritten digits dataset#

Data Set Characteristics:

Number of Instances:

1797

Number of Attributes:

64

Attribute Information:

8x8 image of integer pixels in the range 0..16.

Missing Attribute Values:

None

Creator:

Alpaydin (alpaydin ‘@’ boun.edu.tr)

Date:

July; 1998

This is a copy of the test set of the UCI ML hand-written digits datasets https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Optical+Recognition+of+Handwritten+Digits

The data set contains images of hand-written digits: 10 classes where each class refers to a digit.

Preprocessing programs made available by NIST were used to extract normalized bitmaps of handwritten digits from a preprinted form. From a total of 43 people, 30 contributed to the training set and different 13 to the test set. 32x32 bitmaps are divided into nonoverlapping blocks of 4x4 and the number of on pixels are counted in each block. This generates an input matrix of 8x8 where each element is an integer in the range 0..16. This reduces dimensionality and gives invariance to small distortions.

For info on NIST preprocessing routines, see M. D. Garris, J. L. Blue, G. T. Candela, D. L. Dimmick, J. Geist, P. J. Grother, S. A. Janet, and C. L. Wilson, NIST Form-Based Handprint Recognition System, NISTIR 5469, 1994.

7.1.4. Linnerrud dataset#

Data Set Characteristics:

Number of Instances:: 20
Number of Attributes:: 3
Missing Attribute Values:: None

The Linnerud dataset is a multi-output regression dataset. It consists of three exercise (data) and three physiological (target) variables collected from twenty middle-aged men in a fitness club:

physiological - CSV containing 20 observations on 3 physiological variables:
Weight, Waist and Pulse.
exercise - CSV containing 20 observations on 3 exercise variables:
Chins, Situps and Jumps.

7.1.5. Wine recognition dataset#

Data Set Characteristics:

Number of Instances:

178

Number of Attributes:

13 numeric, predictive attributes and the class

Attribute Information:

Alcohol
Malic acid
Ash
Alcalinity of ash
Magnesium
Total phenols
Flavanoids
Nonflavanoid phenols
Proanthocyanins
Color intensity
Hue
OD280/OD315 of diluted wines
Proline
class:
- class_0
- class_1
- class_2

Summary Statistics:


Alcohol:	11.0	14.8	13.0	0.8
Malic Acid:	0.74	5.80	2.34	1.12
Ash:	1.36	3.23	2.36	0.27
Alcalinity of Ash:	10.6	30.0	19.5	3.3
Magnesium:	70.0	162.0	99.7	14.3
Total Phenols:	0.98	3.88	2.29	0.63
Flavanoids:	0.34	5.08	2.03	1.00
Nonflavanoid Phenols:	0.13	0.66	0.36	0.12
Proanthocyanins:	0.41	3.58	1.59	0.57
Colour Intensity:	1.3	13.0	5.1	2.3
Hue:	0.48	1.71	0.96	0.23
OD280/OD315 of diluted wines:	1.27	4.00	2.61	0.71
Proline:	278	1680	746	315

Missing Attribute Values:: None
Class Distribution:: class_0 (59), class_1 (71), class_2 (48)
Creator:: R.A. Fisher
Donor:: Michael Marshall (MARSHALL%PLU@io.arc.nasa.gov)
Date:: July, 1988

This is a copy of UCI ML Wine recognition datasets. https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/wine/wine.data

The data is the results of a chemical analysis of wines grown in the same region in Italy by three different cultivators. There are thirteen different measurements taken for different constituents found in the three types of wine.

Original Owners:

Forina, M. et al, PARVUS - An Extendible Package for Data Exploration, Classification and Correlation. Institute of Pharmaceutical and Food Analysis and Technologies, Via Brigata Salerno, 16147 Genoa, Italy.

Citation:

Lichman, M. (2013). UCI Machine Learning Repository [https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml]. Irvine, CA: University of California, School of Information and Computer Science.

7.1.6. Breast cancer wisconsin (diagnostic) dataset#

Data Set Characteristics:

Number of Instances:

569

Number of Attributes:

30 numeric, predictive attributes and the class

Attribute Information:

radius (mean of distances from center to points on the perimeter)
texture (standard deviation of gray-scale values)
perimeter
area
smoothness (local variation in radius lengths)
compactness (perimeter^2 / area - 1.0)
concavity (severity of concave portions of the contour)
concave points (number of concave portions of the contour)
symmetry
fractal dimension (“coastline approximation” - 1)

The mean, standard error, and “worst” or largest (mean of the three worst/largest values) of these features were computed for each image, resulting in 30 features. For instance, field 0 is Mean Radius, field 10 is Radius SE, field 20 is Worst Radius.

class:
- WDBC-Malignant
- WDBC-Benign

Summary Statistics:


radius (mean):	6.981	28.11
texture (mean):	9.71	39.28
perimeter (mean):	43.79	188.5
area (mean):	143.5	2501.0
smoothness (mean):	0.053	0.163
compactness (mean):	0.019	0.345
concavity (mean):	0.0	0.427
concave points (mean):	0.0	0.201
symmetry (mean):	0.106	0.304
fractal dimension (mean):	0.05	0.097
radius (standard error):	0.112	2.873
texture (standard error):	0.36	4.885
perimeter (standard error):	0.757	21.98
area (standard error):	6.802	542.2
smoothness (standard error):	0.002	0.031
compactness (standard error):	0.002	0.135
concavity (standard error):	0.0	0.396
concave points (standard error):	0.0	0.053
symmetry (standard error):	0.008	0.079
fractal dimension (standard error):	0.001	0.03
radius (worst):	7.93	36.04
texture (worst):	12.02	49.54
perimeter (worst):	50.41	251.2
area (worst):	185.2	4254.0
smoothness (worst):	0.071	0.223
compactness (worst):	0.027	1.058
concavity (worst):	0.0	1.252
concave points (worst):	0.0	0.291
symmetry (worst):	0.156	0.664
fractal dimension (worst):	0.055	0.208

Missing Attribute Values:: None
Class Distribution:: 212 - Malignant, 357 - Benign
Creator:: Dr. William H. Wolberg, W. Nick Street, Olvi L. Mangasarian
Donor:: Nick Street
Date:: November, 1995

This is a copy of UCI ML Breast Cancer Wisconsin (Diagnostic) datasets. https://goo.gl/U2Uwz2

Features are computed from a digitized image of a fine needle aspirate (FNA) of a breast mass. They describe characteristics of the cell nuclei present in the image.

Separating plane described above was obtained using Multisurface Method-Tree (MSM-T) [K. P. Bennett, “Decision Tree Construction Via Linear Programming.” Proceedings of the 4th Midwest Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science Society, pp. 97-101, 1992], a classification method which uses linear programming to construct a decision tree. Relevant features were selected using an exhaustive search in the space of 1-4 features and 1-3 separating planes.

The actual linear program used to obtain the separating plane in the 3-dimensional space is that described in: [K. P. Bennett and O. L. Mangasarian: “Robust Linear Programming Discrimination of Two Linearly Inseparable Sets”, Optimization Methods and Software 1, 1992, 23-34].

This database is also available through the UW CS ftp server:

ftp ftp.cs.wisc.edu cd math-prog/cpo-dataset/machine-learn/WDBC/